Optimal Energy Procurement of Smart Large Consumers Incorporating Parking Lot, Renewable Energy Sources and Demand Response Program

Large commercial and industrial loads known as large energy consumers are always seeking to reduce their energy costs and consequently they are utilizing renewable and non-renewable energy sources in procurement of their required energy. Use of renewable energy sources (RESs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) parking lot without proper planning will make technical and economic problems for the owner of the large consumers. This study provides a model for energy management of a smart large consumer (SLC), concluding PHEVs parking lot, RESs (photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (WT)) and non-renewable sources (fuel cell (FC), micro-turbine (MT)). In this study, an optimal exploitation for the PHEVs parking is proposed, which has the potential of utilizing as an energy generation source with the goal of reducing operational costs of SLC. In addition, this study considers the demand response (DR) program as an energy source and reducing the costs. The purpose of objective function is decreasing the operation cost of SLC to the minimum amount while considering physical and technical constraints of the sources. The proposed model is considered both DR programs and PHEVs parking lot, and the results of the simulation illustrated the positive impact of the demand response program (DRP) and parking lot in reducing operation costs.